NOUN

• Object   -  a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing or an abstract idea (e.g.  LOVE)

 

• Gender Nouns  -  separating male and female   E.g.  actor (male)  -  actress (female)

 

• Plurals   -   4 types of plural

Type 1

NOUN                        +          -S

 

Examples:      Language  +  s   = LANGUAGES

                        Document  +  s  =  DOCUMENTS

 

Type 2

NOUN                        +          -ES

 

Examples:      Watch    +     es     =    WATCHES

                        Switch    +    es     =     SWITCHES

 

 

Type 3

 

AFTER THE NOUN, DROP THE –Y AND ADD –IES

 

 

Examples:      Country           - y + ies  =   COUNTRIES

                        City                 - y  + ies  =   CITIES

 

 

Type 4

 

                         AFTER THE NOUN, DROP THE –F AND ADD -VES

 

 

Examples:      Leaf                 -f + ves   =   LEAVES

                        Thief                -f  + ves  =   THIEVES

 

 

Type 3 is only valid in the case of multi-syllable words (this means, words which have more than 1 syllable.)

 

For example:              BOY is a 1-syllable word;   in fact in the plural it becomes:

 

                                                                        BOYS

  

 

 

Type 4 is only valid in the case of 1-syllable words (this means, words which only have 1 syllable.)

 

For example:              WOLF is a 1-syllable word; in fact in the plural it becomes:

 

                                                                        WOLVES

 

 

Other types of plural are the words which change completely from singular to plural. These are the IRREGULAR PLURALS.

 

For example:              MICE  (singular)         -           MICE (plural)

 

CONCLUSION

 

• A proper noun always has capital letters.
• A common noun is normally an object.  A or AN are normally found exactly before the noun.  E.g.  a dog.  The article (A) shows me that the word ‘dog’ is a noun.  A or AN can also be found before adjectives.  However, following the adjective we definitely have to find the noun.

 

Examples:       A black dog

                        An old, interesting book

                        A long, winding, slippery road.

 

*When there is an ARTICLE the NOUN is the LAST WORD OF THE LIST.

* If I don’t have an ARTICLE I would probably have a NUMBER or another word like MUCH, MANY, SOME, ANY, A FEW, A LITTLE, LOT, LOTS and so on.

 

                  Examples:      15 minutes

                                          15 long minutes

                                          Some brown, wooden chairs

                                          Lots of fancy chocolate cakes

 

*Even though I don’t have A or AN the noun still comes at the end of the phrase.

* Instead of A or AN I can have THE, and the same rules will also apply for THE.

 

·         Adjectives are normally found before nouns.  Most words ending in –er or –est are also adjectives (big – bigger – biggest).

 

Examples:      a long, winding, slippery road

 

·         All sentences in English MUST HAVE A VERB.   A verb is an action.  Very often when you ask the question “what did…do” , the answer would include an ACTION.  Very often the words which come after I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, WE, YOU, THEY and PROPER NOUNS, are VERBS.  The word ‘to’ is normally followed by a verb.

 

Examples:      I like apples

                        America is a big country.

                        I like to eat ice-cream.

 

*One help with identifying verbs is this:  TRY ADDING –ING TO A WORD.  If you think that the word makes sense to you than it is probably a verb (because most verbs take the –ING form in the continuous)

E.g.      DO     +     -ING   =   DOING   (it makes sense so it is a VERB)

             WORLD  +   -ING   =   WORLDING  (it doesn’t make sense so it is NOT a VERB)

 

IMPORTANT!!!!!    YOU CAN NEVER HAVE A VERB AFTER THE ARTICLE

·         The adverb describes the verb.  Adverbs normally end in –ly.  However, sometimes they don’t end in this way.  Words like sometimes, often, always, never, perhaps, almost…are all adverbs.

 

·         The preposition is the most common element in the English grammar.  Some of the most common prepositions are IN, ON and AT.  Other prepositions include inside, between, over, above, below, under, underneath, across, during, while…

                       

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