Proverbs

What is a proverb?
A proverb is a short well-known expression that states a general truth or gives advice.

What is a saying?
A saying is a well-known expression, or a remark often made, also known as a proverb.

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English Proverbs

Choose one of the words in the box to fill in the gaps below.

poor     day     evil     hot     fair     let     old     all     want     win     dogs

light     die     end     variety

 

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Adverbs

Adverbs are usually formed by adding '-ly' to an adjective.

For example: quiet - quietly, careful - carefully, careless - carelessly

Adjectives ending in '-le' change to '-ly'.

For example: possible - possibly, probable - probably, incredible - incredibly

Adjectives ending in '-y' change to '-ily'.

For example: lucky - luckily, happy - happily, angry - angrily

Adjectives ending in '-ic' change to '-ically'.

For example: basic - basically, ironic - ironically, scientific - scientifically Some adjectives are irregular. The most common irregular adverbs are: good - well, hard - hard, fast -fast

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Adjectives to Adverbs

Rule 1:                       Adjectives ending in –y change to

                                    -ily.

                                    E.g.  easy (adj.)   -   easily (adv.)

 

Rule 2:                       Adjectives ending in –l change to

                                    -lly.

                                    E.g  careful (adj.)  -  carefully  (adv.)

 

Rule 3:                       Adjectives ending in –le change

                                    to –ly.

                                    E.g.  terrible (adj.)  -  terribly (adv.)

 

Rule 4:                       Adjectives ending in –ic change to

                                    -ically.

                                    E.g. enthusiastic (adj.) - enthusiastically (adv.)

 

Rule 5:                       Exceptions !!

                                    E.g.  good (adj.)  -  well (adv.)

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Books for new courses

Encyclopedia of Tourism (Routledge World Reference)
Jafar Jafari (Editor)

Be My Guest Student's Book: English for the Hotel Industry 
Francis O'Hara
 
Stonework: Techniques and Projects - All the Information Needed to Use Stone Indoors and Out 
Charles McRaven

Building with Masonry: Brick, Block and Concrete 
Dick Kreh


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Either and Neither

"Either" and "neither" are both singular adjectives meaning "one or the other of two." "Neither" of course means "not the first one and not the second one."

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Idioms

Out of the blue        

In the long run       

On the tip of my tongue   

I heard it on the grapevine

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An Introduction to WORD CLASSES

Words are fundamental units in every sentence, so we will begin by looking at these. Consider the words in the following sentence:  
 

my brother drives a big car

 
We can tell almost instinctively that brother and car are the same type of word, and also that brother and drives are different types of words. By this we mean that brother and car belong to the same word class. Similarly, when we recognise that brother and drives are different types, we mean that they belong to different word classes.


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Age - Speaking lesson

 

Level:  Good Elementary Upwards

Ideal: To use on a Monday morning to get to know your students, and also to get them using ALL the tenses (which will give you a good idea of what their weaknesses are)
 
Steps:

 - Cirle your age

 - Add 10 and circle the number

 - Subtract 10 and circle the number

 - Tell the members of your class what you were doing 10 years ago, and where you see yourself 10 years from now.

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Gerunds & Infinitives

Gerunds in English

In English the gerund is identical in form to the present participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a clause (or phrase), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting only of one word, the gerund) acts as a noun within the larger sentence. For example:

Editing this article is very easy.

In the phrase "Editing this article," the word "Editing" behaves as a verb; the phrase "this article" is the object of that verb. But the whole phrase "Editing this article" acts as a noun within the sentence as a whole; it is the subject of the verb "is."

Other examples of the gerund:

I like swimming. (direct object)

Swimming is fun. (subject)

 

Infinitives in English

In English, a verb's infinitive is its unmarked form, such as be, do, have, or sit, often introduced by the particle to. When this particle is absent, the infinitive is said to be a bare infinitive; when it is present, it is generally considered to be a part of the infinitive, then known as the full infinitive (or to-infinitive).
 

 

Uses of the bare infinitive

The bare infinitive is used in a rather limited number of contexts, but some of these are quite common:

The bare infinitive is used as the main verb after the dummy auxiliary verb do, or any modal auxiliary verb (such as will, can, or should), except that ought usually takes a to-infinitive. So, "I will/do/can/etc. see it."

Several common verbs of perception, including see, watch, hear, feel, and sense take a direct object and a bare infinitive, where the bare infinitive indicates an action taken by the main verb's direct object. So, "I saw/watched/heard/etc. it happen."

Similarly with several common verbs of permission or causation, including make, bid, let, and have. So, "I made/bade/let/had him do it."
The bare infinitive is the dictionary form of a verb, and is generally the form of a verb that receives a definition; however, the definition itself generally uses a to-infinitive.


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NOUNS

2 types of nouns – COMMON NOUNS & PROPER NOUNS

 

COMMON NOUNS	PROPER NOUNS
Objects	Names of people
Animals	Names of places
	Names of buildings
Lower Case	Upper Case
(small letters)	(Capital Letters)
Example:  table	Example:  John
boy	London
city	Eiffel Tower
dog	St. Paul’s Cathedral
GENERAL	SPECIFIC

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MUCH, MANY and A LOT OF

Quantifiers are words that show how much there is of something - they show quantity. Much, many, and a lot of indicate a large quantity of something, for example "I have a lot of milk" means I have a large quantity of milk.

Much

Much is used with uncountable nouns, and is generally used in negative statements and questions. It's uncommon to use much in positive statements. For example:
- I don't have much money (NOT VERY COMMON)
- Do you have much time?
- "I have much time." This sounds unusual.



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NOUN

• Object   -  a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing or an abstract idea (e.g.  LOVE)

 

• Gender Nouns  -  separating male and female   E.g.  actor (male)  -  actress (female)

 

• Plurals   -   4 types of plural

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PRONOUNS

What is a Pronoun?

A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences less repetitive.

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VERB Formusage

VERB FORM                         USAGE


PAST SIMPLE                          A – an action or state completed
                                                      in the past at or within a
                                                      specific time (stated or understood).

 

PAST CONTINUOUS                 A – an action which was in progress
                                                      at a specific point in the past.
                                                       The specific point can be a
                                                       definite time or an action
                                                       expressed in the past simple.

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Stative Verbs - notes

States of "being"

    * are conditions or situations that exist
    * do not involve actions
    * are followed by adjectives
    * cannot be progressive.

Stative verbs do not use the progressive form.

 

              


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Stative Verbs - exercises

1.  Fill in the blanks.

Andreas (get)_____________ nervous whenever he takes a test. His head feels light and his hands (become)_____________ sweaty. He worries that the teacher (look)_____________ at him. Other people can see that Andreas (appear) _____________ upset because he (act)_____________ so 'jumpy'.

 Alberto Benigni is a very funny Italian actor. Presently, he (appear)_____________ in a movie called "Il Monstro", the monster. He (seem) to have a natural gift for comedy. In this movie,the police think he, Loro, is a dangerous serial killer, but this is a case of mistaken identity. The police try to catch him by having a beautiful woman, a cop, invite him to her apartment. He is delighted to be in her company. However, Loro is a person who (act) _____________ strange. He bumbles, and fumbles, which causes the police to think he is going to attack her at any moment. Instead, the woman (appear) _____________ to fall in love with him. Meanwhile another man, the real serial killer, is caught. He (resemble) _____________ Loro in appearance, but not in character.

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Practice the Past Simple and Past Continuous

1.To Tom _____________ (to have) a terrible tummy ache yesterday, so he ______________ (to go) to the doctor.

2. When he ____________________ (to arrive) there __________________ (to be) a lot of people waiting in the queue.

3.While he __________________ (to wait) he ________________ (to make) friends with a young, attractive woman.

4.They _______________________ (to speak) about life and _______________ (to find) that they ____________________ (to have) a lot of things in common.

5.They __________________ (to talk) about their hobbies when the nurse finally ______________ (to call) him in.

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Revision of Tenses

PRESENT SIMPLE

 

 

 

 

USED FOR:  

§  REPEATED ACTIONS / HABITS

§  FACTS OR GENERALISATIONS

 

 

 

 

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

 

 

 

 

USED FOR:       

§ NOW

§  AROUND NOW

§  REPETITION & IRRITATION WITH “ALWAYS”

§  FUTURE PERSONAL PLANS

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Prepositions

Prepositions of Position

at the back of
at the bottom of
at the top of
behind
between
in the corner of
in the middle of
next to
to the left of
on the other side of
to the right of
on the side of
on top of
opposite

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Prepositions of Time

A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, as in:

• She left before breakfast.
• What did you come for?
  (For what did you come?)

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:

• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

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Prepositions of Place

IS  NORMALLY USED FOR AN ENCLOSED PLACE

IN A ROOM

IN A SHOP                           

IN A CAR


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Prepositions of Place ON

ON IS USED WHEN AN OBJECT IS PLACED ON A HORIZONTAL SURFACE

ON A SHELF

ON A PLATE

ON A FLOOR

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Prepositions of Place AT

AT IS USED TO SHOW YOUR LOCATION

AT THE BUS STOP

AT THE TRAFFIC LIGHTS

AT HIS / HER DESK

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Prepositions of Place

Where is the mouse?                 

 

Choose the correct preposition and fill in the blanks

behind             between           in front              above

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Phrasal Verbs (A - C)

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Phrasal Verbs (C - D)

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Phrasal Verbs (E - G)

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Phrasal Verbs (G - J)

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Phrasal Verbs (K - M)

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Phrasal Verbs (N - R)

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Phrasal Verbs (S - T)

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Phrasal Verbs (T - W)

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Vocabulary

Basic Verbs, Prepositions, Articles, Pronouns, etc.

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German False Friends (A - C)

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German False Friends (C - E)

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German False Friends (F - H)

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German False Friends (I - O)

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German False Friends (P - S)

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German False Friends (S - T)

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German False Friends (U - W)

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Getting to know you

 NAME:_________________

Date of Birth: _______________

Place of Birth: Town: _______________ Country: _______________

Nationality: _______________

Home town/village: _______________

Number of people in your family: _______________

 

Still at School…                    Yes / No        

(if No…) Left School: ________________ (year)

 

Present Job: _________________________________________________

 Or

College/ University: __________________________________________

 

Started learning English: _______________ (year)

Languages spoken apart from English: ________________________

 

Hobbies:

______________________________________________________________

 

Interests: ______________________________________________________

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Mandy's story

•    The man stood up and fell over
•    The flight attendants helped him back into his seat
•    The man fell asleep
•    The man woke up
•    A bottle started leaking onto the man’s head
•    They smelled alcohol on him
•    The man took off his wooden leg
•    The man explained what had happened
•    The flight attendants ran to help him



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My dear Watson- case study

 

Lesson: My dear Watson- case study

Teacher: Lynn

Level: intermediate

Numbers of students:12

 

 

The students receive  handouts on which are presented the case  and a series of clues about the possible suspects of the crime. In groups of 3, they have to analyse all the clues and decide who the murderer is and sustain their opinion with arguments.(How did it happen?; When?; Why?)

The students discuss in groups for 15 minutes. Then each group chooses a spokesperson who presents their findings  in front of the class.

The teacher praises and encourages the students all the time.

All the groups identify the  real murderer.

 

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TV: our culture

 

Nearly 80% of teenagers in the UK have one of these in their bedroom. Some people will do anything to get on it. Some people think it is a bad influence on young people.
What is it?

 

 

Task 1 Television programmes

 

Look at the list of television programmes.

 

Which do you like best?

Which do you not like at all?

Can you think of any other types of programme on your National TV?

Is there a lot of one type of programme?

Is TV the same as 10 years ago?

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Pollution Vocabulary

Agricultural pollution- pollution from rural areas where few people live

Algae- a general term for small, chlorophyll-containing plants such as seaweed

or pond scum

Aquatic – living or growing in water

Atmospheric Pollution- pollution from small particles that are carried in the air

Chemical Pollution- pollution that is usually caused by improper disposing of

poisonous materials

Condensation – when water vapor (gaseous water) forms droplets of water in

the atmosphere, making clouds. The change in water from gas to liquid form.

Ecology - the study of how living things relate to the environment

Ecosystem – a natural unit of living and non-living parts that interact to produce

a stable system

Evaporation – the change in water from liquid to gas

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The Chaos

Dearest creature in creation,
Study English pronunciation.
I will teach you in my verse
Sounds like corpse, corps, horse, and worse.
I will keep you, Suzy, busy,
Make your head with heat grow dizzy.
Tear in eye, your dress will tear.
So shall I! Oh hear my prayer.

Just compare heart, beard, and heard,
Dies and diet, lord and word,
Sword and sward, retain and Britain.
(Mind the latter, how it's written.)
Now I surely will not plague you
With such words as plaque and ague.
But be careful how you speak:
Say break and steak, but bleak and streak;
Cloven, oven, how and low,
Script, receipt, show, poem, and toe.

Hear me say, devoid of trickery,
Daughter, laughter, and Terpsichore,
Typhoid, measles, topsails, aisles,
Exiles, similes, and reviles;
Scholar, vicar, and cigar,
Solar, mica, war and far;
One, anemone, Balmoral,
Kitchen, lichen, laundry, laurel;
Gertrude, German, wind and mind,
Scene, Melpomene, mankind.

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PUNCTUATION MARKS

Period  (full stop)

Use a period to end a complete sentence. A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and predicate. In British English a period is called a 'full stop'.

Examples:

He went to Detroit last week.
They are going to visit.

Comma

There are a number of different uses for commas in English. Commas are used to:

Separate a list of items. This is one of the most common uses of a comma. Notice that a comma is included before the conjunction 'and' which comes before the final element of a list.

Examples:

I like reading, listening to music, taking long walks, and visiting with my friends.
They would like books, magazines, DVDs, video cassettes, and other learning materials for their library.

Separate phrases (clauses).

This is especially true after a beginning dependent clause or a long prepositional phrase.

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Sentence structure: subject, verb, object

1- SUBJECT + VERB ( SV)

The boys    are sleeping.

    (S)             (V)

My head      is aching.

   (S)              (V)

2- SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT ( SVO)

I         need         a rest.

(S)       (V)           (O)

He       likes        football.

(S)       (V)             (O)

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SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS

Rewrite the following sentences using the word in brackets.  DO NOT CHANGE THE WORD IN BRACKETS  Make sure that the meaning do NOT change.

 

 

1.      You must never take your helmet off while you are riding a motorcycle.   (all)

 

Helmets must be worn__________________________________________________.

 

2.      They wanted to apologize for their behavior: that's why they paid for dinner. (order)

They paid for dinner ___________________________________________________.

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Situation Plan

 

 

 

 

                                        

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Some and Any

If you add a number in front of an uncountable noun it would sound strange.  For example:   5 milks (sounds very strange).  But on the other hand, if you had to say 5 liters of milk, it would sound correct.  This is because the word ‘liters’ is countable – it takes a plural and it can also take a number (such as 5) in front of it.

 

When we don’t know the exact quantity of a noun (or when we don’t want to mention the exact quantity), we can use SOME.  SOME can be used both with countable AND uncountable nouns.

      For example:   Can I have some water?  (water is uncountable)

                                 Can I have some eggs?     (eggs is countable)

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Spelling Words in English

Spelling Words in English - Common Problems I

Spelling words in English is challenging work. As a matter of fact, many native speakers of English have problems with spelling correctly. One of the main reasons for this is that many, many English words are NOT spelled as they are spoken. This difference between pronunciation and spelling causes a lot of confusion. The combination "ough" provides an excellent example:

Tough - pronounced - tuf (the 'u' sounding as in 'cup')
Through - pronounced - throo
Dough - pronounced - doe (long 'o')
Bought - pronounced - bawt

It's enough to make anyone crazy!!

This feature provides a guide to the most common problems when spelling words in English.

Swallowed Syllables - Three Syllables Pronounced as Two Syllables

Aspirin - pronounced - asprin
Different - pronounced - diffrent
Every - pronounced - evry

Swallowed Syllables - Four Syllables Pronounced as Three Syllables

Comfortable - pronounced - comftable
Temperature - pronounced - temprature
Vegetable - pronounced - vegtable

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The Apostrophe

The apostrophe has two main uses:

1) to form possessives of nouns
2) to show the omission (removal) of letters



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CHRISTMAS TRADITIONS ALL OVER THE WORLD

Belgium

On the sixth of December Sinterklaas or Saint-Nicholas is celebrated, which is an entirely different holiday from Christmas. Santa Claus in Belgium is called de Kerstman or le Père Noël and he does come around on Christmas day to bring children presents.  Small family presents are given at Christmas too, under the tree, or in stockings near the fire-place, to be found in the morning. Christmas breakfast is a special sweet bread called 'cougnou' or 'cougnolle' - the shape is supposed to be like baby Jesus. Some families will have another big meal on Christmas day.

Brazil

Father Christmas is called Papai Noel. Many Christmas customs are similar to USA or UK. For those who have enough money, a special Christmas meal will be chicken, turkey, ham, rice, salad, pork, fresh and dried fruits, often with beer. Poorer people will just have chicken and rice.

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Confusing words

Accept, Except

• accept = verb meaning to receive or to agree: He accepted their praise graciously.
• except = preposition meaning all but, other than: Everyone went to the game except Alison.

Affect, Effect

• affect = verb meaning to influence: Will lack of sleep affect your game?
• effect = noun meaning result or consequence: Will lack of sleep have an effect on your game?
• effect = verb meaning to bring about, to accomplish: Our efforts have effected a major change in university policy.

Advise, Advice

• advise = verb that means to recommend, suggest, or counsel: I advise you to be cautious.
• advice = noun that means an opinion or recommendation about what could or should be done: I'd like to ask for your advice on this matter.

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Who invented the pencil

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comparatives and superlatives

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My dear Watson - case study

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Reading skills lesson

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Warm up

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Lesson

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Olimpic games

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Festa Time

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Malta lesson

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Famous people

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